“Some [U.S.] municipalities are taking action to accommodate for the need of student housing while also maintaining the character of surrounding residential neighborhoods and preserving affordable housing units for long-term residents. To create and maintain this balance, municipalities have adopted a diverse set of zoning tools, rental ordinances, university policies, community land trusts, and collaborative agreements between schools, the city, or a community civic organization: (1) Separate Regulations for Student Housing; (2) Student Occupancy Limits; (3) Prohibition of Student Rental Housing in Specified Areas; (4) Caps on Rental Licenses; (5) Minimum Distance Requirement; (6) Zoning and Neighborhood Overlay Districts.

[U]niversities offer generous employer-assisted living programs for employees living nearby to help them compete with investors who have an advantage when competing for limited housing, [by] rehabilitat[ing], and [selling their] houses to faculty and staff.... Restrictive covenants require that the owner occupy the house and sell to faculty and staff. The University of Chicago provides $10,000 in downpayment assistance for employees who want to live [nearby].... University employees who rent are now eligible for university assistance, too—up to $2,400 if they rent in the focus area. The University ... funds this program in an effort to revitalize surrounding areas and promote mixed-income neighborhoods.

For landlords, “a home that might rent for $1,000 a month to a single family could be rented by the room for nearly twice that.” [S]tudents sign one-year leases so rents can be raised each year.... for real estate markets near college campuses, student housing can be transformative as investor capital competes with homeowners, making it so sale prices and rents increase.
Local governments in college towns across the country are adopting proactive strategies to gain a measure of control over the spread of student housing and limit any negative impact on real estate markets and affordable housing stock supply near college and university campuses.

— Black, Karen. 2019. "The Role Student Housing Plays in Communities." Shelterforce: the voice of community development (September 6). https://shelterforce.org/2019/09/06/the-role-student-housing-plays-in-communities

“Neighborhood change has received substantive attention in the fields of urban geography and planning.... This study ... detail[s] a case study of change as a result of an influx of college-age residents into a neighborhood [in] Southeast Keene, New Hampshire, which has experienced a significant increase in the number of young adult residents.... , serves as the focus of analysis. [T]his study provides context [for] “town and gown” relationships [with] a door-to-door survey [that] reveals differences among student and non student residents.... This study ... provides recommendations designed to assuage further neighborhood deterioration....

This clustering of student housing can lead to absolute studentification, whereby the social, cultural, economic and physical setting of the neighborhood is transformed (Smith 2005). Without question, students living off campus have an effect on the areas in which they live and an effect on the residents among whom they live.

— Cunningham, James, Vanessa Ciarleglio, Lindsay Lambert, Heather Soulard, and Christopher Cusack. 2009. "New Kids on the Block: The Process of Neighborhood “Studentification” and Perceptions of Change." Pennsylvania Geographer 47, no. 1: 136-157. https://thepgs.org/page-1780341

“Regulating the negative impacts of private off-campus student housing on neighbourhoods, especially where it is concentrated by processes of ‘studentification,’ is a pressing planning issue.... We piece together a history of planning for student housing in Waterloo, Ontario from 1986 to 2016 through an analysis of planning documents… greater attention to the broader ‘urban dormitory’ in which students live across the city… illustrate that planning in cities with significant off-campus housing must be adaptive to effectively manage the urban dormitory, as investment in high-density housing has alleviated supply constraints but did not prevent neighbourhood disruptions. A valuable role for planning is … regulating unit size and design of new development.

— Revington, Nick, Markus Moos, Jeff Henry, and Ritee Haider. 2018. "The Urban Dormitory: Planning, Studentification, and the Construction of an Off-Campus Student Housing Market." International Planning Studies: 1-17. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13563475.2018.1552565

“The concentration of students has negative impacts on ... family-oriented neighbourhoods[:] run-down properties, garbage-strewn front yards, and alcohol fuelled parties.
[C]hallenges relate to demographic imbalance, decreased rates of homeownership, a deteriorating neighbourhood environment, and student behavioural issues.... purpose-built student housing has significantly increased its market share..., but it is not clear if it helps to stabilize...; the attempt to regulate the student private rental market by zoning and licensing regimes has several drawbacks. The study also reveals diverse interests of different stakeholders in near-campus neighbourhoods, and the lack of effective collaboration and partnerships among them in addressing challenges in their neighbourhoods in general.

— Xiao, Yinzhou. 2013. "Planning for near-Campus Neighbourhoods in Ontario: Challenges and Planning Responses." University of Waterloo. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/7912